ethics- what is good?

controversial on creative practice

first things first manifesto 1964 garlands -
brought up into a world - the way in which we should use our talents is through the means of advertising.- presented as as a bad thing

how do we determine what is good?
subjective relativism - there are no universal moral norms of right and wrong
all persons decide ight and wrong for themselves

cultural relativism
the ethical theory that whats right or wrong depends place and/or time

divine command theory
good actions are aligned with the will of god
bad scions are contrary to the all of god
the holy book helps make the decisions

deontological ethics
immanuel kant a german philosopher
peoples will should be named on moral rules
therefore its important that our actions are based on appropriate moral rules
to determine when moral rule is appropriate kant proposed

act only from moral rules that you can at the same time universalise.
if you act on moral rule that would cause problems if everyone followed it then you actions are not moral

act so that you always treat both yourself and other people as ends in themselves an never as a means to an end 
if you use people for your own benefit that is not moral

consequentialism

an action is right to the extent that it increase the total happiness of the affected parties

social contract theory
thomas hobbes
an agreement between individuals held togehter by common interest
avoids society degenerating into 'state of nature' or 'war of all against all'  - come to a consensual agreement of how to behave to have a stable society - we trade some of our liberty for a stable society

toolbox of moral/ethical theories 

whiter presented with problems that are easy or difficult to solve, the four workable ethical theroeis
-kantianism
-act utilitarianism
-rule utilitarianism
-social contract theory
could provide us with possible solutions to many of the problems that are raised by the first things 'first manifesto'

critera for a workable ethical theory 
more decisions and rules:
based on logical reasoning
come from facts and commonly held or shared values
culturally neutral - religion
treat everyone equal